Reduced Relative Clauses (Reduced Relative Clauses)

Reduced Relative Clauses (संक्षिप्त सापेक्ष उपवाक्य)

अंग्रेजी में Relative Clauses (जैसे जो who, which, that से शुरू होते हैं) का उपयोग वाक्यों में अतिरिक्त जानकारी देने के लिए किया जाता है। C1 स्तर पर, वाक्यों को अधिक संक्षिप्त और प्रवाहमयी (concise and fluent) बनाने के लिए हम अक्सर इन्हें 'Reduce' (संक्षिप्त) करते हैं। इसका सही उपयोग अकादमिक और पेशेवर लेखन में बहुत प्रभावी होता है।

1. Active Voice में Reduction (Present Participle '-ing')

जब Relative Clause active voice में हो, तो हम relative pronoun (who/which/that) को हटा देते हैं और verb को The man who is standing over there is my professor. ▶ -ing (present participle) फॉर्म में बदल देते हैं। The man standing ▶

• Original: The man who is standing over there is my professor.
• Reduced: The man standing over there is my professor.
• Original: Anyone who wants to join the club must sign up today.
• Reduced: Anyone wanting to join the club must sign up today.

ध्यान दें: यह नियम तब भी लागू होता है जब मूल वाक्य में Anyone who wants to join the club must sign up today. ▶ continuous tense न हो (जैसे wants का wanting बन जाता है)। Anyone wanting to join ▶

2. Passive Voice में Reduction (Past Participle)

जब Relative Clause passive voice में हो, तो relative pronoun The theory which was proposed by Einstein changed physics. ▶ और 'be' verb (is, are, was, were) को हटा दिया जाता है। The theory proposed by Einstein changed physics. ▶ वाक्य में केवल verb की Third Form (Past Participle) शेष रहती है।

• Original: The theory which was proposed by Einstein changed physics.
• Reduced: The theory proposed by Einstein changed physics.
• Original: Vehicles that are parked illegally will be towed.
• Reduced: Vehicles parked illegally will be towed.

3. Adjective Phrases और Prepositional Phrases के साथ Reduction

अगर relative clause में 'to be' verb के बाद कोई adjective phrase Vehicles parked illegally will be towed. ▶ या prepositional phrase हो, तो pronoun और 'be' verb The students who are responsible for this project should meet me in the office. ▶ दोनों को सीधे हटाया जा सकता है। The students responsible for this project should meet me in the office. ▶

• Original: The students who are responsible for this project should meet me in the office.
• Reduced: The students responsible for this project should meet me in the office.
• Original: The books which are on the top shelf are historical archives.
• Reduced: The books on the top shelf are historical archives.

4. 'To-Infinitive' का उपयोग (The first, last, only)

जब noun के साथ ordinal numbers (first, second), superlatives The books on the top shelf are historical archives. ▶, या शब्दों जैसे 'next', 'last', 'only' का प्रयोग हो Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon. ▶, तो relative clause को to-infinitive (to + verb) में reduce किया जाता है। She is the only person who understands this complex algorithm. ▶

• Original: Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.
• Reduced: Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
• Original: She is the only person who understands this complex algorithm.
• Reduced: She is the only person to understand this complex algorithm.

⚠️ महत्वपूर्ण नियम (Important Restrictions)

हमेशा ध्यान रखें कि हम Relative Clauses को केवल तभी reduce She is the only person to understand this complex algorithm. ▶ कर सकते हैं जब Relative Pronoun वाक्य का The boy who broke the window ran away. ▶ Subject हो। यदि pronoun वाक्य का Object है, तो clause को इस तरह reduce नहीं किया जा सकता (हालांकि spoken English में pronoun को पूरी तरह से omit किया जा सकता है)।

• Subject Pronoun (Reduction संभव है): The boy who broke the window ran away. ➔ The boy ▶ breaking the window ran away.
• Object Pronoun (Reduction संभव नहीं है): The book that I read was amazing. (यहाँ 'that', verb 'read' ▶ का object है, इसलिए हम इसे 'The book reading was amazing' नहीं कह सकते।)

Reduced Relative Clauses का अभ्यास करने से आपकी अंग्रेजी अधिक स्वाभाविक और उन्नत (advanced) लगेगी, जो C1 स्तर की परीक्षाओं (जैसे IELTS 7.0-8.0 या Cambridge CAE) The first man to walk on the moon ▶ के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है।

Vehicles that are parked illegally will be towed. ▶