रिपोर्टेड स्पीच (Indirect Speech) का परिचय

🗣️ रिपोर्टेड स्पीच (Reported Speech) का परिचय ▶

जब हम किसी और की कही हुई बात को किसी तीसरे व्यक्ति को बताते हैं, तो हम दो तरीकों का इस्तेमाल कर सकते हैं: Direct Speech (प्रत्यक्ष कथन) और Indirect Speech या Reported Speech (अप्रत्यक्ष कथन)।

📌 Direct और Indirect Speech क्या हैं?

• Direct Speech: इसमें वक्ता (speaker) के वास्तविक शब्दों को ज्यों का त्यों (exact words) उद्धरण चिह्नों (quotation marks " ") के अंदर रखा जाता है। He said, "I am tired." ▶
  उदाहरण: He said, "I am tired."
• Indirect Speech: इसमें हम वक्ता के शब्दों को अपने शब्दों में बताते हैं, बिना अर्थ बदले। इसमें उद्धरण चिह्नों का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। He said that he was tired. ▶
  उदाहरण: He said that he was tired.

⚙️ Reported Speech बनाने के मुख्य नियम

Direct से Indirect Speech में बदलते समय मुख्य रूप से तीन बदलाव होते हैं that ▶: Pronouns (सर्वनाम), Tense (काल), और Time/Place (समय/स्थान) बताने वाले शब्द। "I saw a movie," he said. ▶

1. Inverted Commas हटाना और 'That' का प्रयोग

Direct speech के quotation marks (" ") हटा दिए जाते हैं। रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब (जैसे said) और मुख्य वाक्य को जोड़ने के लिए आमतौर पर She said, "I like apples." ▶ that का प्रयोग किया जाता है (हालांकि बोली जाने वाली अंग्रेजी में इसे अक्सर छोड़ दिया जाता है She said that she liked apples. ▶)।

Direct: She said, "I like apples."
Indirect: She said that she liked apples.

2. Tense (काल) में बदलाव (Backshifting)

यदि Reporting Verb (जैसे said, told) Past Tense में है "I work hard," he said. ▶, तो Reported Speech का Tense भी Past में बदल जाता है। इसे 'Backshifting' कहते हैं।

• Present Simple ➔ Past Simple He said that he worked hard. ▶
  Direct: "I work hard," he said.
  Indirect: He said that he worked hard.
• Present Continuous ➔ Past Continuous "I am reading," she said. ▶
  Direct: "I am reading," she said.
  Indirect: She said that she was reading.
• Present Perfect ➔ Past Perfect She said that she was reading. ▶
  Direct: "We have finished," they said.
  Indirect: They said that they had finished.
• Past Simple ➔ Past Perfect They said that they had finished. ▶
  Direct: "I saw a movie," he said.
  Indirect: He said that he had seen a movie.

3. Pronouns (सर्वनाम) में बदलाव

सर्वनाम इस बात पर निर्भर करते हैं कि कौन बोल रहा है He said that he had seen a movie. ▶ और किससे बोल रहा है।

• "I" अक्सर "he" या "she" में बदल जाता है। He said, "I lost my keys." ▶
• "We" अक्सर "they" में बदल जाता है।
• "My" अक्सर "his" या "her" में बदल जाता है। He said that he had lost his keys. ▶

Direct: He said, "I lost my keys."
Indirect: He said that he had lost his keys.

4. 'Said' और 'Told' का प्रयोग

Reporting verbs के रूप में 'said' और 'told' का सबसे ज्यादा उपयोग होता है, लेकिन इनके इस्तेमाल का तरीका अलग है:

• Said: इसके तुरंत बाद उस व्यक्ति का नाम/सर्वनाम (object) नहीं आता She said that she was happy. ▶ जिससे बात कही गई हो।
  उदाहरण: She said that she was happy.
• Told: इसके तुरंत बाद Object (जैसे me, him, John) आना जरूरी है। She told me that she was happy. ▶
  उदाहरण: She told me that she was happy. (NOT She told that...)

5. समय और स्थान (Time and Place) के शब्दों में बदलाव

जब हम रिपोर्ट करते हैं, तो समय और स्थान बदल चुके होते हैं, इसलिए कुछ शब्द बदल जाते हैं:

• today ➔ that day
• tomorrow ➔ the next day
• yesterday ➔ the day before
• now ➔ then
• here ➔ there

Direct: She said, "I am busy today."
Indirect: She said that she was busy that day.

💡 ध्यान रखने योग्य बात

यदि कोई बात अभी भी सच है या कोई सार्वभौमिक सत्य (Universal truth) है, तो कभी-कभी Tense नहीं बदलता है।
उदाहरण: He said, "The earth is round." ➔ He said that the earth is round.